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Dwarkanath Ganguly Born 20 April 1844 Magurkhanda, Bikrampur, now in Bangladesh Died 27 June 1898 Kolkata Occupation Social reformer Spouse Kadambini Ganguly Dwarkanath Ganguly (also spelt as Dwarka Nath Gangopadhyay) (Bengali: দ্বারকানাথ গাঙ্গুলী Darkanath Gangguli) (20 April 1844 - 27 June 1898) was a Brahmo reformer in Bengal of British India. He contributed substantially towards the enlightenment of society and the emancipation of women.[1] Contents 1 Early life 2 Achievements 2.1 Change in the course of life 2.2 Activities in Kolkata 3 Marriage and children 4 Works 5 References Early life Dwarkanath Ganguly was born on the Bengali New Year’s Day, 1st Baisakh (mid-April), 1845 at Magurkhanda village in Bikrampur, now in Bangladesh. At the time of Ganguly's birth, his father, Krishnapran Ganguli lived in Faridpur in connection with some family work. His mother hailed from a rich family. Once she wanted to go on a pilgrimage to Puri. In those days, one had to use boats and elephants for transport. Her parent’s family would have been too happy to support her financially for that but she was too upright a person to accept such support. Instead, she covered the long distance for the pilgrimage on foot.[1] This incident portrays the strong will power of Ganguly's mother. The same would be apparent in his life later. He had his early education in his village pathsala (school). Later, when he expressed the desire to learn English he joined the English school in nearby Kalipara in spite of severe physical difficulties. He studied up to the entrance class but failed to clear the examination. He started his teaching career and worked at three places — Sonarang in Bikrampur, Olpur in Faridpur and in the minor school at Lonsingh.[1] Achievements Change in the course of life During Ganguly's school days he was strongly influenced by Akshay Kumar Datta's Dharma Niti (Religious principles). He was aroused about the plight of the Bengali woman, and was influenced by Dutt’s main thesis that "the first vital step to social regeneration is liberating woman from her bondage." [2] When he was 17 years old, he heard that the relatives of an unfortunate girl who had strayed from her course killed the girl by poisoning her. On enquiry, he came know that it was not uncommon to kill girls in such a manner in kulin (orthodox upper caste) Brahmin families. He was so shocked that he vowed not to go in for polygamous marriage, a system in vogue in orthodox upper caste society in those days.[1] While he was still working at Lonsingh, he started publishing a weekly magazine named Abalabandhab (Friend of Women) from Dhaka. Amongst those who supported him was Pran Kumar Das, son of Abhaya Kumar Das, a well-known deputy magistrate and a leading member of Dhaka Brahmo Samaj, earlier founded by Braja Sundar Mitra.[3] The noted American historian David Kopf [4] writes, “This journal, which is probably first in the world devoted solely to the “liberation of women,” represented clearly what we have described elsewhere as the compassion for the Bengali woman as proletariat. Ganguli played the role of a humanitarian muckraking journalist bringing to light concrete cases of exploitation and extreme suffering of women, as for example, the sensation he created when he featured the story of one East Bengal village where ‘in a single year thirty-three kulin women committed suicide or were murdered.’ According to Ganguli every one of them was the victim of premarital or extramarital conception as a result of rape or seduction.”[2] Activities in Kolkata Sivanath Sastri says, "We were wonderstruck on reading Abalabandhab. Who was the person who was expressing such liberal opinion about the education and development of women from a far away village? In the course of time, Ganguli-brother came to Calcutta to meet the contributors from the city to his magazine. We met our hero. At a gathering of friends, they decided to shift Abalabandhab to Kolkata. Accordingly in 1870, Ganguly came to Kolkata with Abalabandhab." Life became difficult for Dwarkanath. He lacked the support base he had at Dhaka.[1] Apart from Abalabandhab, Dwarkanath raised a storm within the Brahmo Samaj regarding the issue of women sitting behind the screen during prayer meetings. With his strong reformist views, he was obviously opposed to many of the conservative ideas not only in society but even in the Brahmo Samaj. That was the beginning of the split in the Brahmo Samaj of India, which ultimately led to the formation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1878. Ganguly served several terms as secretary of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.[1][2] When a Unitarian English lady Annette Akroyd[5] started the Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya in 1873, Dwarkanath served that boarding school as headmaster, teacher, dietician, guard, and maintenance man. After school hours, he used to sweep the premises on his own. The school was later renamed Banga Mahila Vidyalaya and was subsequently merged with Bethune School.[1][2] In this activity, he was assisted by Sivanath Sastri, Durga Mohan Das, Ananda Mohan Bose, Annadacharan Khastagir, and others. He rendered financial assistance to Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya[6] In 1876-77, Ganguly concentrated on the wretched conditions of the workers in the tea gardens of Assam. He published a series of articles on the Slave Trade of Assam in K.K.Mitra’s nationalist newspaper Sanjivani. Later, he even took the matter to the forums of the Indian National Congress.[1][2] Marriage and children A number of years after the death of his first wife, he married, in 1883,[7] Kadambini Bose, one of the first woman graduates in the British Empire.[8] Dwarkanath fought for her admission into Calcutta Medical College and secured it. Kadambini later became the first Indian woman doctor.[2] In 1891, the orthodox Hindu journal Bangabasi lashed out at Kadambini Ganguly as a despised symbol of modern Brahmo womanhood and accused her, then a mother of five children, of being a whore. Immediately, Sivanath Sastri, Nilratan Sircar and Dwarkanath Ganguly, instituted legal action against the journal and its editor, who was subsequently sentenced to six months’ imprisonment and made to pay a fine of one hundred rupees.[2] They had eight children. Amongst them Jyotirmoyee was a noted freedom fighter and Prabhat Chandra was a journalist.[9] His eldest daughter from his first marriage, Bidhumukhi, was married to Upendra Kishor Ray Chaudhuri.[10] Ganguly died on 27 June 1898.[6] Works Bir Nari (play), Kobigantha, Nababarshiki, Jibanalekhya, Suruchir Kutir (Novel), Jatiya Sangeet (compilation), Saral Patiganit (text book), Bhugol (text book), Sasthyatattwa (text book).[6] References ^ a b c d e f g h Sastri, Sivanath (1903/2001), Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj (in Bengali), New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd. , p198-200 ^ a b c d e f g Kopf, David (1979), The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind, Princeton Univ Pr, ISBN 0691031258 p 123. ^ Sastri, Sivanath, pp 152, 199. ^ Witz, Eric D.. "David Kopf". History at Minnesota. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2006-11-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20061116040833/http://www.hist.umn.edu/faculty/kopf.html. Retrieved 2007-02-18.  ^ Amin, Sonia. "Beveridge, Annette Susannah Akroyd". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://banglapedia.org/HT/B_0437.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-18.  ^ a b c Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali, p 222, ISBN 81-85626-65-0 ^ Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p79. ^ In 1883, she and Chandramukhi Basu became the first graduates from Bethune College, and in the process became the first female graduates in the country and in the entire British Empire. Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p79. ^ Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p80. ^ Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p67. v · d · eBengal Renaissance Topics History of Bengal · Adi Dharm · British Raj · Bengali literature · Bengali poetry · Bengali music · Brahmo Samaj · Young Bengal · British Indian Association · Swadeshi · Satyagraha · Tattwabodhini Patrika · Tagore family · Rabindra Sangeet · Rabindra Nritya Natya · Santiniketan · Socialism · Vangiya Sahitya Parishad · Sambad Prabhakar Institutions Anandamohan College · Jadavpur University · Asiatic Society · Banga Mahila Vidyalaya · Bangabasi College · Bethune College · Calcutta Civil Engineering College · Calcutta Madrasah College · Calcutta Medical College · Duff College · Fort William College · Free Church Institution · General Assembly's Institution · Hindu College · Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya · Hindu Theatre · Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science · Indian Statistical Institute · National Council of Education, Bengal · Oriental Seminary · Presidency College · Ripon College · Sanskrit College · Rammohan College · Serampore College · School of Tropical Medicine · Scottish Church College · Vidyasagar College · Visva-Bharati University · University of Calcutta · University of Dhaka People Sri Aurobindo · Rajnarayan Basu · Jagadish Chandra Bose · Satyendra Nath Bose · Bethune · Upendranath Brahmachari · Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay · Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay · Akshay Kumar Datta · Henry Derozio · Alexander Duff · Michael Madhusudan Dutt · Romesh Chunder Dutt · Dwarkanath Ganguly · Kadambini Ganguly · Monomohun Ghose · Ramgopal Ghosh · Aghore Nath Gupta · Roquia Sakhawat Hussain · Kazi Nazrul Islam · Eugene Lafont · Ashutosh Mukherjee · Harish Chandra Mukherjee · Subodh Chandra Mullick · Sambhunath Pandit · Ramakrishna Paramahamsa · Gour Govinda Ray · Raja Ram Mohan Roy · Meghnad Saha · Akshay Chandra Sarkar · Mahendralal Sarkar · Brajendra Nath Seal · Girish Chandra Sen · Keshub Chandra Sen · Haraprasad Shastri  · Debendranath Tagore · Rabindranath Tagore · Satyendranath Tagore · Brahmabandhab Upadhyay · Ram Chandra Vidyabagish · Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan · Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar · Swami Vivekananda · David Hare Persondata Name Dwarakanath Ganguly Alternative names Dwaraka Nath Gangopadhyay Short description Social reformer Date of birth 20 April 1844 Place of birth Magurkhanda, Bikrampur, now in Bangladesh Date of death 27 June 1898 Place of death Kolkata