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Kaohsiung 高雄 —  Direct-controlled municipality  — Kaohsiung City · 高雄市 Clockwise from top: Kaohsiung skyline, Kaohsiung Confucius Temple, Liuhe Night Market, World Games Stadium, Port of Kaohsiung, Central Park Station Seal Logo Nickname(s): The Harbor City (Gangdu), The Maritime Capital, The Waterfront City Kaohsiung City shown within the Taiwan islands Satellite image of Kaohsiung Coordinates: 22°38′N 120°16′E / 22.633°N 120.267°E / 22.633; 120.267Coordinates: 22°38′N 120°16′E / 22.633°N 120.267°E / 22.633; 120.267 Country  Republic of China Region Southern Taiwan City seat Lingya District Government  - Mayor Chen Chu (DPP) Area  - Total 2,946.2527 km2 (1,137.6 sq mi) Elevation 9 m (30 ft) Population (2010)  - Total 2,769,072  - Density 939.9/km2 (2,434.2/sq mi)   Population rank 2 Postal code 800-813, 817-819 Area code(s) (0)7 Districts 11 Website www.kcg.gov.tw/english Kaohsiung (Chinese: 高雄; pinyin: Gāoxióng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-hiông; old names: Takao, Takow, Takau) is a city located in southwestern Taiwan. Kaohsiung faces the Taiwan Strait on the west. Kaohsiung, officially named Kaohsiung City, is divided into thirty-eight districts. The city is one of five special municipalities under administration of Taiwan, the Republic of China. On 25 December 2010 it merged with Kaohsiung County to form a larger municipality.[1] Kaohsiung is the most densely populated and the second largest city in Taiwan, with a population around 2.9 million.[2] It is a center for manufacturing, refining, shipbuilding, and other light and heavy industries. A major port, through which pass most of Taiwan's marine imports and exports, is located at the city but is not managed by the city government. Kaohsiung International Airport serving the city is the second largest airport in Taiwan. The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest harbor in Taiwan. Kaohsiung is the terminal of the Sun Yat-sen Freeway. The city is served by the railway stations of Western Line and Pingtung Line. Taiwan High Speed Rail connects it with Taipei City. The Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit, the city's subway system, was launched in early 2008. Kaohsiung was the host city of the 2009 World Games, a multisport event primarily composed of sports not featured in the Olympic Games. The city is also home to the Republic of China Navy. Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Government 3.1 Politics 3.2 Subdivisions 4 Economy 5 Transportation 5.1 Port of Kaohsiung 5.2 Kaohsiung International Airport 5.3 Rapid Transit 5.4 Railway 6 Attractions 7 Education 8 Conferences 9 International relations 9.1 Sister cities and twin towns 10 See also 11 References 12 External links // History This section requires expansion. Main article: History of Kaohsiung The port of Ta-kau, 1893 Founded near the end of the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century, the village was known as Takau (Chinese: 打狗; pinyin: Dǎgǒu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Táⁿ-káu; literally "beat the dog") in the Hoklo language spoken by most of the early immigrants. The name originates from the Makatao language of the local aboriginal tribe and translates as "bamboo forest". The Dutch established Fort Zeelandia in 1624 and defeated the local tribes in 1635. They called the place Tancoia. The Dutch were later expelled by the Kingdom of Tungning government founded by Ming Dynasty loyalists of Koxinga in 1662. Zheng Jing, the son of Koxinga, renamed the village Wannian Zhou (simplified Chinese: 万年洲; traditional Chinese: 萬年州; pinyin: Wàn Nián Zhōu; literally "region of ten thousand years") in 1664. The name was restored to Takau in the late 1670s, when the town expanded dramatically with immigrants from mainland China. In 1684 the Qing Dynasty annexed Taiwan and renamed the town Fengshan County (simplified Chinese: 凤山县; traditional Chinese: 鳳山縣; pinyin: Fèngshān xiàn; literally "phoenix mountain"), considering it a part of Taiwan Prefecture. It was first opened as a port during the 1680s. In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan as part of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. It was during this period that the city's name was changed from 打狗 (Taiwanese: Táⁿ-káu) to 高雄 (romaji: Takao). While the sound remained more or less the same when pronounced in Japanese, the literal meaning of the name changed from "Beating Dog" to "High Hero". The Japanese developed Takao, especially the harbour. An important military base and industry center, the city was heavily bombed by Task Force 38 and FEAF during 1944–1945. After control of Taiwan was handed to the Republic of China in 1945, the official romanization of the city name came to be "Kao-hsiung", based on the Wade–Giles romanization of the Standard Mandarin reading of the kanji name.[3] Kaohsiung was upgraded to a municipality on July 1, 1979, by the Executive Yuan, which approved this proposal on November 19, 1978. The Kaohsiung Incident took place in Kaohsiung on December 10, 1979. Geography The Love River The city sits on the southwestern coast of Taiwan facing the Taiwan Strait. The downtown areas are centered around Kaohsiung Harbor with the island of Qijin on the other side of the harbor acting as a natural breakwater. The Love River (or Ai River) flows into the harbor through the Old City and downtown. Zuoying Military Harbor lies to the north of Kaohsiung Harbor and the city center. Kaohsiung's natural landmarks include the coral mountains Ape Hill, Shoushan and Banpingshan. Climate Kaohsiung is located south of the Tropic of Cancer. The climate is tropical, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Koppen Aw), with average temperatures ranging from between 18.6 and 28.7 degrees Celsius, and average humidity between 60 and 81%. Average annual rainfall is approximately 1785 mm, focused primarily from June to August. Climate data for Kaohsiung City (1971–2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 23.4 (74.1) 24.1 (75.4) 26.5 (79.7) 28.8 (83.8) 30.4 (86.7) 31.5 (88.7) 32.1 (89.8) 31.5 (88.7) 31.2 (88.2) 29.7 (85.5) 27.2 (81) 24.6 (76.3) 28.4 (83.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.8 (65.8) 19.7 (67.5) 22.3 (72.1) 25.2 (77.4) 27.2 (81) 28.4 (83.1) 28.9 (84) 28.3 (82.9) 27.9 (82.2) 26.4 (79.5) 23.4 (74.1) 20.2 (68.4) 24.7 (76.5) Average low °C (°F) 15.1 (59.2) 16.1 (61) 18.7 (65.7) 22.0 (71.6) 24.4 (75.9) 25.7 (78.3) 26.1 (79) 25.7 (78.3) 25.1 (77.2) 23.5 (74.3) 20.2 (68.4) 16.6 (61.9) 21.6 (70.9) Rainfall mm (inches) 20.0 (0.787) 23.6 (0.929) 39.2 (1.543) 72.8 (2.866) 177.3 (6.98) 397.9 (15.665) 370.6 (14.591) 426.2 (16.78) 186.6 (7.346) 45.7 (1.799) 13.4 (0.528) 11.5 (0.453) 1,784.8 (70.268) % Humidity 75.0 75.1 75.0 76.6 78.6 81.4 80.3 82.3 80.0 77.8 75.3 74.5 77.7 Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.0 4.2 4.0 5.7 9.4 13.7 13.9 16.9 10.3 4.3 2.8 2.7 91.9 Sunshine hours 163.9 151.1 177.6 184.8 189.7 190.0 207.2 181.8 172.8 166.1 148.0 148.6 2,081.6 Source: Central Weather Bureau [4] Government Kaohsiung City Chinese name Chinese 高雄市 Literal meaning High Bravery Transliterations Hakka - Romanization Kô-hiùng-sṳ Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Gāoxióng shì - Tongyong Pinyin Gaosyóng shih - Wade–Giles Kao-hsiung shih Min - Hokkien POJ Ko-hiông-chhī Cantonese - Jyutping gou1hung4 si5 Japanese name Kanji 高雄市 Kana たかおし/たかをし Transliterations - Romaji Takao shi Politics District map of Kaohsiung A map of Kaohsiung's population density Tuntex Sky Tower at night Liuhe Night Market See also: Republic of China municipal elections, 2006 and List of mayors of Kaohsiung Kaohsiung is sometimes seen as the political mirror image of Taipei. While northern Taiwan leans towards the Pan-Blue Coalition in the state-level elections, southern Taiwan leaned towards the Pan-Green Coalition since late 1990s, and Kaohsiung is no exception. Frank Hsieh of the Democratic Progressive Party was reelected twice as Mayor of Kaohsiung, where he was widely credited for transforming the city from an industrial sprawl into an attractive modern metropolis. Hsieh resigned from the office of mayor to take up the office of Premier of the Republic of China in 2005. The last municipal election, held on December 9, 2006, resulted in a victory for the Democratic Progressive Party's candidate Chen Chu, the first elected female mayor of direct-controlled municipalities in Taiwan, defeating her Kuomintang rival and former deputy mayor, Huang Chun-ying. Subdivisions Kaohsiung has 38 districts (區). Each district is divided up into villages (里), which are sub-divided into neighborhoods (鄰). Note: For consistency the following list uses Hanyu Pinyin. Although Tongyong Pinyin is no longer official to the central government of Taiwan, it is still used by the city government of Kaohsiung. Name Hanzi Population (2010) Area (km2) Nanzi District 楠梓區 171,906 25.8276 Zuoying District 左營區 189,944 19.3888 Gushan District 鼓山區 129,521 14.7458 Sanmin District 三民區 355,097 19.7866 Lingya District 苓雅區 185,021 8.1522 Xinxing District 新興區 55,744 1.9764 Qianjin District 前金區 29,208 1.8573 Yancheng District 鹽埕區 27,651 1.4161 Qianzhen District 前鎮區 199,951 19.1207 Qijin District 旗津區 29,975 1.4639 Xiaogang District 小港區 153,896 39.8573 Fengshan District 鳳山區 339,952 26.7590 Gangshan District 岡山區 97,095 47.9421 Meinong District 美濃區 43,444 120.0316 Qishan District 旗山區 40,368 94.6122 Alian District 阿蓮區 30,613 34.6164 Daliao District 大寮區 109,257 71.0400 Dashe District 大社區 32,808 26.5848 Dashu District 大樹區 44,230 66.9811 Hunei District 湖內區 28,697 20.1615 Jiading District 茄萣區 31,583 15.7624 Jiaxian District 甲仙區 7,616 124.0340 Linyuan District 林園區 70,770 32.2860 Liugui District 六龜區 15,354 194.1584 Luzhu District 路竹區 54,137 48.4348 Maolin District 茂林區 1,850 194.0000 Mituo District 彌陀區 20,613 14.7772 Namaxia District 那瑪夏區 3,457 252.9895 Neimen District 內門區 16,085 95.6224 Niaosong District 鳥松區 42,135 24.5927 Qiaotou District 橋頭區 36,284 25.9379 Renwu District 仁武區 70,242 36.0808 Shanlin District 杉林區 11,102 104.0036 Taoyuan District 桃源區 4,777 928.9800 Tianliao District 田寮區 8,325 92.6802 Yanchao District 燕巢區 31,059 65.3950 Yong'an District 永安區 14,253 22.6141 Ziguan District 梓官區 36,867 11.5967 Two islands in the South China Sea are administered by Kaohsiung City as parts of Qijin District: Taiping (island) (simplified Chinese: 太平岛; traditional Chinese: 太平島; pinyin: Tàipíng dǎo) Dongsha Islands or Pratas Islands (simplified Chinese: 东沙群岛; traditional Chinese: 東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo) Economy The gate of Kaohsiung Harbor Kaohsiung Li De Baseball Stadium The old Kaohsiung City Seal, which symbolizes the era of industrial growth. Intensive settlement began in earnest in the late 17th century, when the place was known as Ch'i-hou. Opened in 1863 as a treaty port, subsidiary to the port of Anping farther north on the coast, Kaohsiung became a customs station in 1864 and then gradually became an important port for the southern Taiwan coastal plain. Kaohsiung's real economic and strategic importance began under the Japanese occupation (1895–1945). The Japanese needed a good port in southern Taiwan to serve those designated areas that were to become a major source of raw materials and food for Japan, and Kaohsiung was chosen. It became the southern terminus of the main north-south railway line, and from 1904 to 1907 extensive harbor works were undertaken. In 1920 the port was given the name Takao and the area became a municipality in 1920. Before and during World War II it handled a growing share of Taiwan's agricultural exports to Japan, and was also a major base for Japan's campaigns in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and extremely ambitious plans for the construction of a massive modern port were drawn up. At the same time, it handled a growing share of Taiwan's agricultural exports to Japan. Toward the end of the war, too, the Japanese promoted some industrial development at Kaohsiung, establishing an aluminum industry based on the abundant hydroelectric power produced by the Jih-Yueh Lake project in the mountains. After it came under Chinese administration in 1945, Kaohsiung developed rapidly. The port, badly damaged in World War II, was restored. It also became a fishing port for boats sailing to Philippine and Indonesian waters. Largely because of its climate, Kaohsiung has overtaken Keelung as Taiwan's major port. Today as a major international port and industrial city in the southwest of the country, Kaohsiung is the most rapidly developing urban center of Taiwan. With an area of 154 km2, it has a large natural harbor, with the entrance in recent years being expanded, rock-excavated, and dredged. As an exporting center, Kaohsiung serves the rich agricultural interior of southern Taiwan, as well as the mountains of the southeast. Major raw material exports include rice, sugar, bananas, pineapples, peanuts (groundnuts), and citrus fruits. The 2,200 hectare Linhai Industrial Park, on the waterfront, was completed in the mid-1970s and includes a steel mill, shipyard, petrochemical complex, and other industries. The city has an oil refinery, aluminum and cement works, fertilizer factories, sugar refineries, brick and tile works, and salt-manufacturing and papermaking plants. Designated an export-processing zone in the late 1970s, Kaohsiung has succeeded in attracting foreign investment to process locally purchased raw materials for export. There is also a large canning industry that processes both fruit and fish. The ongoing Nansing Project is an ambitious plan to reclaim 250 hectares of land along the coast by 2011.[5] The Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau plans to buy 49 hectares of the reclaimed land to establish a solar energy industrial district which would be in the harbor's free trade zone.[5] The GDP in nominal terms of the city of Kaohsiung is estimated to be around $45 billion US, and $90 billion for the metropolitan region. As of 2008, the GDP per capita in nominal terms of the city of Kaohsiung is approximately US$ 24,000.[6] Transportation Container depot and docks, Port of Kaohsiung Port of Kaohsiung Main article: Port of Kaohsiung Also known as the "Harbour Capital" of Taiwan, Kaohsiung has always had a strong link with the ocean and maritime transportation. Ferries play a key role in everyday transportation, and often play the role that buses do in other cities, especially for transportation across the harbour. With five terminals and 23 berths, the Port of Kaohsiung is Taiwan's largest container port and the 6th largest in the world.[7] In 2007 the port reached its handling capacity with a record trade volume of 10.2 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).[8] A new container terminal is under construction, increasing future handling capacity by 2 million TEU by 2013.[8] The Port of Kaohsiung is not officially a part of Kaohsiung City, instead it is administrated by Kaohsiung Port Authority, under Ministry of Transportation. There is a push for Kaohsiung City to annex the Port of Kaohsiung in order to facilitate better regional planning. Kaohsiung International Airport Kaohsiung City is also home to Taiwan's second largest airport, the Kaohsiung International Airport, which is located in the Siaogang District in southern Kaohsiung City. Rapid Transit The World Games Station of Kaohsiung MRT A new metro system, the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit opened for revenue service in March 2008. A light rail line that circles central Kaohsiung City was also approved in 2007. In 2004, the Kaohsiung City Government and Siemens built a temporary two-station circular light rail line, along with one trainset, in Central Park, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of building a light rail system in Kaohsiung City. It was meant to alleviate some residents' concerns, such as producing excessive noise and hindering normal traffic flow, that light rail would negatively impact their surroundings. This Siemens Combino vehicle was later used as part of the defunct M>Tram network in Melbourne, later transferring to Yarra Trams. Railway The city is served by the Taiwan Railway Administration's Western Line and Pingtung Line. Taiwan High Speed Rail also serves Kaohsiung City via its new Zuoying Station in northern Kaohsiung City. Future plans include extending high speed rail to the new Kaohsiung Station in the city centre. The new Kaohsiung Station will be an underground station, replacing the current ground level station. Additionally, these two stations will also be served by Red line of Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System when the line opened for revenue service in early 2008. Attractions The Kaohsiung Confucius Temple Holy Rosary Cathedral Love River (愛河) Urban Spotlight Arcade (城市光廊) Tuntex Sky Tower (東帝士85國際廣場) World Games Stadium (世運會主場館) Liuhe Night Market (六合夜市) Zuoying's Lotus Lake (左營蓮池潭) Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (高雄市立美術館) Cihou Fort (旗後砲台) Qijin Ferry (旗津渡輪) Old City of Zuoying (鳳山舊城) Chai Mountain (柴山) Ban Ping Mountain (半屏山) Shou Shan Zoo (壽山動物園) Former British Consulate at Takao (前清英國領事館) Holy Rosary Cathedral (前金天主堂) National Science and Technology Museum (國立科學工藝博物館) Kaohsiung Museum of History (高雄市立歷史博物館) Old Kaohsiung Railway Station (台鐵舊高雄車站) Siziwan Scenic Area (西子灣風景區) Kaohsiung Astronomical Museum (高雄市立天文教育館) Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum (高雄市客家文物館) Chang-Gu World Trade Center (長谷世貿大樓) Tower of Light (光之塔) Singuang Ferry Wharf (新光碼頭) True Love Ferry Pier (真愛碼頭) Kaohsiung Fisherman's Wharf (高雄港漁人碼頭) Sinsing Night Market (新興夜市) Education National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung has a number of colleges and junior colleges offering training in commerce, education, maritime technology, medicine, modern languages, nursing, and technology. Kaohsiung Medical University (高雄醫學大學) National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology (國立高雄第一科技大學) National Kaohsiung Normal University (國立高雄師範大學) National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences (國立高雄應用科技大學) National Kaohsiung Marine University (國立高雄海洋科技大學) National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism (國立高雄餐旅大學) National Sun Yat-sen University (國立中山大學) National University of Kaohsiung (國立高雄大學) Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages (文藻外語學院) Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School (高雄市立高雄高級中學) Municipal Kaohsiung Girls' Senior High School (高雄市立女子高級中學) Kaohsiung American School (高雄美國學校) I-Shou International School (義大國際高級中學) Conferences Kaohsiung hosted the OECC (OptoElectronics and Communications Conference) in 2006 and is scheduled to host it again in 2011. International relations Sister cities and twin towns Kaohsiung is twinned with: Brisbane, Australia Belize City, Belize Barranquilla, Colombia Cartago, Costa Rica Hachiōji, Japan Blantyre, Malawi Cebu, Philippines Durban, South Africa Busan, South Korea Colorado Springs, United States Honolulu, United States Knoxville, United States Little Rock, United States Macon, United States Miami, United States Mobile, United States Pensacola, United States Plains, United States Portland, United States San Antonio, United States Seattle, United States Tulsa, United States Da Nang, Vietnam See also Taiwan portal This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Taipei List of cities in the Republic of China Administrative divisions of the Republic of China References ^ http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=53774&ctnode=413&mp=9 ^ Welcome to Kaohsiung City - Statistics ^ What's in changing a name? Taiwan Journal Vol. XXVI No. 19 May 15, 2009 "...while name Kaohsiung is technically the Mandarin pronunciation of the Japanese written version of a Holo Taiwanese rendition of an old aboriginal name..." ^ "Statistics - Monthly Mean". Central Weather Bureau. http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm.  ^ a b "Kaohsiung City to open solar energy industrial zone". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 2010-06-27. http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201006190006. Retrieved 2010-07-09.  ^ "Taipei City Has Second-highest Per Capita GDP in Asia: TIER | CENS.com - The Taiwan Economic News". CENS.com. 2009-03-19. http://www.cens.com.tw/cens/html/en/news/news_inner_26710.html. Retrieved 2010-07-08.  ^ Review of Maritime Transport 2004. New York: United Nations. 2005. ISBN 92-1-112645-2.  ^ a b Dale, Jamie (2008-01=17). "Kaohsiung container port hits full capacity". Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News (Informa Australia): p. 16.  External links Find more about Kaohsiung on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Kaohsiung travel guide from Wikitravel Kaohsiung City Government official website (Chinese) Kaohsiung City Government official website (English) v • d • e Metropolitan areas in Taiwan Taipei–Keelung metro area • Kaohsiung metro area • Taichung–Changhua metro area • Taoyuan–Zhongli metro area • Tainan metro area • Hsinchu metro area • Chiayi metro area v • d • e Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (Otherwise known as Taiwan). Direct-controlled municipalities Kaohsiung · New Taipei · Taichung · Tainan · Taipei Taiwan Province Counties Changhua · Chiayi · Hsinchu · Hualien · Miaoli · Nantou · Penghu · Pingtung · Taitung · Taoyuan · Yilan · Yunlin Cities Chiayi · Hsinchu · Keelung Fujian Province Counties Kinmen · Lienchiang See also: Free Area of the Republic of China. v • d • e Districts of Kaohsiung City seat: Lingya and Fengshan Kaohsiung Area Gushan · Lingya · Nanzi · Qianjin · Qianzhen · Qijin · Sanmin · Xiaogang · Xinxing · Yancheng · Zuoying Fengshan Area Daliao · Dashe · Dashu · Fengshan · Linyuan · Niaosong · Renwu Gangshan Area Alian · Gangshan · Hunei · Jiading · Luzhu · Mituo · Qiaotou · Tianliao · Yanchao · Yong'an · Ziguan Qishan Area Jiaxian · Liugui · Maolin · Meinong · Namaxia · Neimen · Qishan · Shanlin · Taoyuan Although Tongyong Pinyin is no longer official, it still commonly used in Kaohsiung.