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Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (October 2010) Intervention: Craniotomy ICD-10 code: ICD-9 code: 01.2 Other codes: A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is (temporarily) removed from the skull, to access the brain. Craniotomies are often a critical operation performed on patients suffering from brain lesions or traumatic brain injury (TBI), and can also allow doctors to surgically implant deep brain stimulators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and cerebellar tremor. The procedure is also widely used in neuroscience for extracellular recording, brain imaging, and for neurological manipulations such as electrical stimulation and chemical titration. Human craniotomy is usually performed under general anesthesia but can be also done with the patient awake using a local anaesthetic; the procedure generally does not involve significant discomfort for the patient. In general, a craniotomy will be preceded by an MRI scan which provides a picture of the brain that the surgeon uses to plan the precise location for bone removal and the appropriate angle of access to the relevant brain areas. The amount of skull that needs to be removed depends to a large extent on the type of surgery being performed. The bone flap is then replaced using titanium plates and screws or another form of fixation (wire, suture, ...etc). Craniotomy is distinguished from craniectomy (in which the skull flap is not immediately replaced, allowing the brain to swell, thus reducing intracranial pressure) and from trepanation, which is performed voluntarily without medical necessity. Bacterial meningitis occurs in approximately 0.8 to 1.5% of individuals undergoing craniotomy.[1] References ^ van de Beek D, Drake JM, Tunkel AR (January 2010). "Nosocomial Bacterial Meningitis". New England Journal of Medicine 362 (2): 146–154. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804573.  See also Decompressive craniectomy External links Brain Surgery-Neurosurgery Patient Help Site v • d • e Surgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 01-05) CNS Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges skull: Craniotomy · Decompressive craniectomy globus pallidus: Pallidotomy thalamus: Thalamic stimulator · Thalamotomy ventricular system: Ventriculostomy cerebrum: Lobotomy · Hemispherectomy · Anterior temporal lobectomy · Bilateral cingulotomy pituitary: Hypophysectomy hippocampus: Amygdalohippocampectomy Spinal cord and spinal canal Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy · Rhizotomy) Intervertebral discs (Discectomy · Intervertebral disc annuloplasty · Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) Vertebral bones (Laminotomy · Laminectomy · Laminoplasty · Corpectomy · Facetectomy · Foraminotomy · Vertebral fusion · Vertebral fixation) Neuroimaging Cerebral angiography · Echoencephalography · Pneumoencephalography · Transcranial doppler Diagnostic Electroencephalography PNS Cranial and peripheral nerves Ganglionectomy · Nerve block Sympathetic nerves or ganglia Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy Other proc. Axotomy · Vagotomy Diagnostic Nerve conduction study · Electromyography M: CNS anat(s,m,p,4,e,b,d,c,a,f,l,g)/phys/devp/cell noco(m,d,e,h,v,s)/cong/tumr,sysi/epon,injr proc,drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D) M: PNS anat(h, r, t, c, b, l, s)/phys/devp noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(N1B)