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Saint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross Virgin, Martyr Born October 12, 1891(1891-10-12) Breslau, German Empire Died August 9, 1942(1942-08-09) (aged 50) Auschwitz concentration camp, Nazi-occupied Poland Venerated in Roman Catholicism Beatified May 1, 1987, Cologne, Germany by Pope John Paul II Canonized October 11, 1998 by Pope John Paul II Feast August 9 Attributes Yellow Star of David, flames, a book Patronage Europe; loss of parents; martyrs; World Youth Day[1] Saint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross, sometimes also known as Saint Edith Stein (October 12, 1891 – August 9, 1942), was a German-Jewish philosopher, nun, and is a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church. Born into an observant Jewish family but an atheist by her teenage years, she converted to Christianity in 1922, was baptized into the Catholic Church and was received into the Discalced Carmelite Order as a postulant in 1934. Although she moved from Germany to the Netherlands to avoid Nazi persecution, in 1942 she was arrested and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died in the gas chamber. She was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1998. Contents 1 Life 2 Legacy 3 Controversy 4 Writings 5 See also 6 References 7 Intellectual and spiritual contemporaries of note 8 External links // Life Stein was born in Breslau (Wrocław), in the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia, into an observant Jewish family. Born on October 12, 1891, Edith was a very gifted child who enjoyed learning. She greatly admired her mother's strong faith; however, by her teenage years Stein had become an atheist. In 1916, she received a doctorate of philosophy from the University of Göttingen, with a dissertation under Edmund Husserl, Zum Problem der Einfühlung (On the Problem of Empathy). She then became a member of the faculty in Freiburg. In the previous year she had worked with Martin Heidegger in editing Husserl's papers for publication, Heidegger being appointed similarly as a teaching assistant to Husserl at Freiburg in October 1916. But she was rejected as a woman with further habilitational studies at the University of Freiburg [2] and failed to successfully reach in a habilitational study "Psychische Kausalität" (Psychic Causality) at the University of Göttingen in 1919. Relief of Edith Stein While Stein had earlier contacts with Catholicism, it was her reading of the autobiography of the mystic St. Teresa of Ávila on a holiday in Göttingen in 1921 that caused her conversion. Baptized on January 1, 1922, she gave up her assistantship with Husserl to teach at a Dominican girls' school in Speyer from 1922 to 1932. While there, she translated Thomas Aquinas' De Veritate (On Truth) into German and familiarized herself with Catholic philosophy in general and abandoned the phenomenology of her former teacher Husserl for Thomism. She visited Husserl and Heidegger at Freiburg in April 1929, in the same month that Heidegger gave a speech to Husserl (like Stein, a Jewish convert to Christianity) on his 70th birthday. In 1932 she became a lecturer at the Institute for Pedagogy at Münster, but anti-Semitic legislation passed by the Nazi government forced her to resign the post in 1933: the same year in which her former colleague Martin Heidegger became Rector at Freiburg and stated that "The Führer, and he alone, is the present and future law of Germany." In a letter to Pope Pius XI, she denounced the Nazi regime and asked the Pope to openly denounce the regime "to put a stop to this abuse of Christ's name."[3] Stein's letter received no answer, and it is not known for sure whether Pius XI even read it.[4] However, in 1937, Pope Pius XI issued an encyclical written in German, Mit brennender Sorge, in which he criticized Nazism, listed breaches of an agreement signed between Germany and the Church and condemned anti-semitism. She entered the Discalced Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) at Cologne in 1933 and took the name Teresia Benedicta a cruce (Teresia Benedicta of the Cross). There she wrote her metaphysical book Endliches und ewiges Sein, which tries to combine the philosophies of Aquinas and Husserl. To avoid the growing Nazi threat, her order transferred Sr. Teresia Benedicta to the Carmelite monastery at Echt in the Netherlands . There she wrote Studie über Joannes a Cruce: Kreuzeswissenschaft (The Science of the Cross: Studies on John of the Cross). Her testament of June 6, 1939 states, "I beg the Lord to take my life and my death … for all concerns of the sacred hearts of Jesus and Mary and the holy church, especially for the preservation of our holy order, in particular the Carmelite monasteries of Cologne and Echt, as atonement for the unbelief of the Jewish People and that the Lord will be received by his own people and his kingdom shall come in glory, for the salvation of Germany and the peace of the world, at last for my loved ones, living or dead, and for all God gave to me: that none of them shall go astray." However, Sr. Teresia Benedicta was not safe in the Netherlands—the Dutch Bishops' Conference had a public statement read in all the churches of the country on July 20, 1942, condemning Nazi racism. In a retaliatory response on July 26, 1942, the Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, ordered the arrest of all Jewish converts, who had previously been spared. Sr. Teresia Benedicta and her sister Rosa, also a convert, were captured and shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were gassed on August 9, 1942 when Edith was 50.[5] They received no numbers, as these were only for prisoners who were to be kept alive to work.[6] Legacy Edith Stein and Maximilian Kolbe, stained glass by Alois Plum in Kassel. Teresia Benedicta of the Cross was beatified as a martyr on May 1, 1987, in Cologne, Germany, by Pope John Paul II, and canonized by him on October 11, 1998. The miracle which was the basis for her canonization was the cure of Teresa Benedicta McCarthy, a little girl who had swallowed a large amount of paracetamol, which causes hepatic necrosis in small children. Her father, Rev. Emmanuel Charles McCarthy, a Melkite Catholic, immediately rounded up relatives and prayed for Edith Stein's intercession.[7] Shortly thereafter the nurses in the intensive care unit saw her sit up completely healthy. Dr. Ronald Kleinman, a pediatric specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston who treated Teresa Benedicta, testified about her recovery to Church tribunals, stating "I was willing to say that it was miraculous."[7] Teresa Benedicta would later attend Sr. Teresia Benedicta's canonization ceremony in the Vatican. Today, there are many schools named in tribute to Edith Stein, for example in Darmstadt, Germany,[8] Hengelo, the Netherlands,[9] and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.[10] Also named for her are a women's dormitory at the University of Tübingen[11] and a classroom building at The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA. The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre published a book in 2006 entitled, Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913-1922, in which he contrasted Stein's living out of her own personal philosophy with Martin Heidegger, whose actions during the Nazi era according to MacIntyre suggested a "bifurcation of personality."[12] In 2009, her bust was introduced to the Walhalla temple near Regensburg. Controversy The Anti-Defamation League challenges the beatification of Edith Stein as a martyr, stating Stein was killed for her Jewish nationality rather than for her faith, and that the misappropriation and Christianization of an event that targeted Jews diminishes the memory of the Holocaust.[citation needed] The position of the Catholic Church hierarchy is that Edith Stein also died because of the Dutch episcopacy's public condemnation of Nazi racism in 1942; in other words, that she died to uphold the moral position of the Church, and is thus a true martyr.[13][14] Writings Memorial to Edith Stein in Prague Life in a Jewish Family: Her Unfinished Autobiographical Account, translated by Josephine Koeppel, 1986 On the Problem of Empathy, Translated by Waltraut Stein 1989 Essays on Woman, translated by Freda Mary Oben, 1996 The Hidden Life, translated by Josephine Koeppel, 1993 The Science of the Cross, translated by Josephine Koeppel, 1998 Knowledge and Faith Finite and Eternal Being: An Attempt to an Ascent to the Meaning of Being Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities, translated by Mary Catharine Baseheart and Marianne Sawicki, 2000 An Investigation Concerning the State, translated by Marianne Sawicki, 2006 Martin Heidegger's Existential Philosophy, translated by Mette Lebech, 2007 Self-Portrait in Letters, 1916-1942 The Hidden Life See also Personalism Phenomenology Carmelite Rule of St. Albert Book of the First Monks Constitutions of the Carmelite Order Emmanuel Charles McCarthy Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites References ^ "Patron Saints Index: Saint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross" Accessed 26 January 2007. ^ http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19981011_edith_stein_en.html ^ “ As a child of the Jewish people who, by the grace of God, for the past eleven years has also been a child of the Catholic Church, I dare to speak to the Father of Christianity about that which oppresses millions of Germans. For weeks we have seen deeds perpetrated in Germany which mock any sense of justice and humanity, not to mention love of neighbor. For years the leaders of National Socialism have been preaching hatred of the Jews. But the responsibility must fall, after all, on those who brought them to this point and it also falls on those who keep silent in the face of such happenings. Everything that happened and continues to happen on a daily basis originates with a government that calls itself "Christian." For weeks not only Jews but also thousands of faithful Catholics in Germany, and, I believe, all over the world, have been waiting and hoping for the Church of Christ to raise its voice to put a stop to this abuse of Christ’s name." —Edith Stein, Letter to Pope Pius XI. ” ^ Popham, Peter (February 21, 2003). "This Europe: Letters reveal Auschwitz victim's plea to Pope Pius XI". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/this-europe-letters-reveal-auschwitz-victims-plea-to-pope-pius-xi-598301.html. Retrieved 2003-02-21.  ^ "Edith Stein". Internationaal College Edith Stein. http://www.edithsteincollege.nl/engels/edithe.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-17. [dead link] ^ María Ruiz Scaperlanda, Edith Stein: St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001), 154. ^ a b "Jewish-born nun gassed by Nazis is declared saint; Prayer to Edith Stein sparked tot's 'miraculous' recovery". The Toronto Star: pp. A22. May 24, 1997.  ^ Edith-Stein-Schule ^ Hogeschool Edith Stein ^ St. Edith Stein Elementary School ^ Edith-Stein-Studentinnen-Wohnheim ^ [1] Alasdair MacIntyre, Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913-1922, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006, pg. 5 ^ Canonization Homily ^ Biography on the Vatican's website Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Edith Stein Intellectual and spiritual contemporaries of note Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran pastor, and theologian. Simone Weil, philosopher, and theological writer. Jan Tyranowski, hermit layman and mentor to John Paul II. Dorothy Day, founder of the Catholic Worker Movement. Catherine Doherty, founder of the Madonna House Apostolate. Martin Heidegger, philosopher, Rector of University of Freiburg (1933/34) Dietrich von Hildebrand, philosopher and theologian. Edmund Husserl, founder of Phenomenology. External links Index of Saints Edith-Stein homepage of the Diocese of Speyer Institute of Philosophy Edith Stein Associazione Italiana Edith Stein onlus Essays by Edith Stein at Quotidiana.org Edith Stein Sculpture in Cologne, Germany at YouTube Edith Stein on the Carmelite Tradition v • d • e History of the Catholic Church General History of the Catholic Church · History of the Papacy · History of the Roman Curia · Ecumenical Councils · Timeline of the Catholic Church · History of Christianity · Role of the Catholic Church in civilization · Art in Roman Catholicism · Roman Catholic religious order · Christian monasticism · Papal States Church beginnings Jesus · Twelve Apostles · Saint Peter · Paul the Apostle · Saint Stephen · John the Apostle Council of Jerusalem · Apostolic Fathers · Ignatius of Antioch · Irenaeus · Pope Victor I · Tertullian Constantine to Pope Gregory I Constantine I and Christianity · Arianism · Basilica of St. John Lateran · First Council of Nicaea · Pope Sylvester I · First Council of Constantinople · Canon · Jerome · Vulgate · Council of Ephesus · Council of Chalcedon · Benedict of Nursia · Second Council of Constantinople · Pope Gregory I · Gregorian Chant Early Middle Ages Third Council of Constantinople · Saint Boniface · Byzantine Iconoclasm · Second Council of Nicaea · Charlemagne · Pope Leo III · Fourth Council of Constantinople · East-West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II · Investiture Controversy · Crusades · First Council of the Lateran · Second Council of the Lateran · Third Council of the Lateran · Pope Innocent III · Latin Empire of Constantinople · Saint Francis of Assisi · Fourth Council of the Lateran · Inquisition · First Council of Lyon · Second Council of Lyon · Bernard of Clairvaux · Thomas Aquinas Late Middle Ages Pope Boniface VIII · Avignon Papacy · Pope Clement V · Council of Vienne · Knights Templar · Catherine of Siena · Pope Alexander VI Protestant Reformation & Counter-Reformation Protestant Reformation · Counter-Reformation · Thomas More · Pope Leo X · Society of Jesus · Francis Xavier · Dissolution of the Monasteries · Council of Trent · Pope Pius V · Tridentine Mass · Robert Bellarmine Baroque Period to French Revolution Pope Innocent XI · Pope Benedict XIV · Suppression of the Society of Jesus · Anti-clericalism · Pope Pius VI · Shimabara Rebellion · Edict of Nantes · Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII · Pope Pius IX · Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary · Our Lady of La Salette · Our Lady of Lourdes · First Vatican Council · Papal infallibility · Pope Leo XIII · Mary of the Divine Heart · World Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus · Rerum Novarum 20th century Pope Pius X · Our Lady of Fátima · Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII · Pope Pius XII · Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary · Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary · Pope John XXIII · Second Vatican Council · Pope Paul VI · Pope John Paul I · Pope John Paul II 21st century Pope Benedict XVI · World Youth Day 2008 By country France · Germany · Ireland · Mexico · Spain · United States Pope Portal · Catholicism Portal Persondata Name Stein, Edith Alternative names Short description Date of birth October 12, 1891 Place of birth Breslau, German Empire Date of death August 9, 1942 Place of death Auschwitz concentration camp, Nazi-occupied Poland