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Computer programs, software and patent law Topics Software patent Debate Free software List of patents Treaties TRIPS Agreement Patent Cooperation Treaty European Patent Convention Countries United Kingdom United States Case law European Patent Office United Kingdom Related topics Business methods This box: view • talk • edit The WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), particularly Article 27, is occasionally referenced in the political debate on the international legal framework for the patentability of software, and on whether software and computer-implemented inventions should be considered as a field of technology. Contents 1 Article 27 of TRIPs 2 Relationship with copyright protection 3 See also 4 References 5 External links // Article 27 of TRIPs Article 27 paragraph 1 of TRIPs states that: "(...) patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. (...) patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced." The only acceptable exceptions to this provision are laid down in the paragraphs 2 and 3 of the same Article 27. The following elements may be excluded from patentability by WTO members under TRIPs: (...) inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law. (paragraph 2) diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals; (paragraph 3(a)) and plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. (...) (paragraph 3(b)). However as Paul Hartnack, then Comptroller-General of the UK Patent Office, commented in 1998:[1] Some have argued that the TRIPS agreement requires us to grant patents for software because it says "patents shall be available for any inventions.....in all fields of technology, provided they are.....capable of industrial application". However, it depends on how you interpret these words. Is a piece of pure software an invention? European law says it isn’t. Is pure software technology? Many would say no. Is it capable of "industrial" application? Again, for much software many would say no. TRIPS is an argument for wider protection for software. But the decision to do so should be based on sound economic reasons. Would it be in the interests of European industry, and European consumers, to take this step? The rules for in interpretation of international treaties[2], do not allow specific European perceptions on terminology to be considered for TRIPS interpretation: in art. 31(1) it requires "ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty". The same provision requires interpretation within the light of the object and purpose of the treaty, which leaves little room for "sound economic reasons" for legal interpretation purposes. The decision of the contracting states of the TRIPS Agreement was that patents should be granted in all fields of technology, without discrimination (Art. 27(1) TRIPS[3]). To date, the interpretation of Article 27 has been tested in the 2002 dispute between the U.S. and Argentina over patent protection for pharmaceuticals (which was solved by mutual agreement) and the 2000 panel report also on patent protection for pharmaceuticals, in a case brought by the EU against Canada. However, there have been no dispute settlement procedures regarding software patents. Its relevance for patentability in the domains of, for example, computer-implemented business methods, computer science and software information technology remains uncertain, since the TRIPs agreement is subject to interpretation,[4] like all legal texts. Relationship with copyright protection Article 10 paragraph 1 of TRIPs provides that a computer program is a type of work which is eligible for protection under copyright law: "Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971)." This argument was used by some adversaries[5] of software patents to contend that software patents would not be allowed by the TRIPS agreement.[6] TRIPS textbooks don't see a conflict, for instance Correa & Yusuf [7] notes that software patents complement copyright because copyright does not protect underlying ideas. See also Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application Proposed EU Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions Idea-expression divide References ^ Software Patents in Europe, Chairman's Opening Remarks, Speaker: Paul Hartnack, Comptroller General, The Patent Office, Last updated 6 December 2000 (Archive.org). ^ http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_2_1986.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ^ http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf TRIPS Agreement ^ John Moetteli, The Patentability of Software in the U.S. and Europe, presented at St. Gallen, Switzerland, October 28, 2005, p.3 (pdf), retrieved on July 3, 2006 ^ Rocard, Michel, COD/2002/0047 EP: tabled legislative report, 1st reading, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A5-2003-0238&language=EN, "Amendment 19 Article 8, letter (c a) (new) (ca) any difficulties that have arisen with the relationship between protection by means of patents on computer-implemented inventions and the protection of computer programs by means of copyright law, as laid down in Directive 91/250/EEC. The Commission report should discuss any difficulties that have arisen with the relationship between patent protection by means of computer-implemented inventions and the protection of computer programs by means of copyright law, as laid down in Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs."  Peukert, Alexander, Güterzuordnung als Rechtsprinzip, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 114,215–218,227–228, ISBN 978-3-16-149724-7  Peukert, Alexander (2008), Güterzuordnung und Freiheitsschutz, 4, Springer, pp. 47–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69381-9_2, ISBN 978-3-540-69381-9  Roth, Katharina (2004), Lizenzen an geschützten Stellungen ohne gesicherten Rechtscharakter, pp. 100, http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973412577&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=973412577.pdf  ^ FFII, The TRIPs Treaty and Software Patents, http://eupat.ffii.org/stidi/trips/index.en.html  Kiesewetter-Köbinger, Swen (2008), Pacta sunt servanda, JurPC, http://www.jurpc.de/aufsatz/20080100.htm#u8  ^ Correa, Carlos (2008), Intellectual property and international trade: the TRIPS Agreement, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, p. 236  External links WTO web site Official text of the TRIPS Agreement Disputes concerning the TRIPS Agreement Kaya, Talat (2005), Patentability of Computer Software Under the TRIPS Agreement and its Applications in te US, the EU, and Turkey, http://www.dtm.gov.tr/dtmadmin/upload/EAD/DisTicaretDegerelendirmeDb/talat_KAYA.doc  Kaya, Talat (2007), A Comparative Analysis Of The Patentability Of Computer Software Under The Trips Agreement: The U.S., The E.U., And Turkey, http://auhf.ankara.edu.tr/journals/alr-archive/ALR-2007-04-01/alr-2007-04-01-kaya.pdf  v • d • e World Trade Organization WTO System Accession and membership · Appellate Body · Dispute Settlement Body · International Trade Centre · Chronology of WTO's key events Issues Criticism · Doha Development Round · Singapore issues · Quota Elimination · Peace Clause Agreements Agriculture · Government Procurement · General Agreement on Trade in Services · Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures · Technical Barriers to Trade · Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights · Trade Related Investment Measures · Doha Declaration · Marrakech Agreement Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996) · 2nd (1998) · 3rd (1999) · 4th (2001) · 5th (2003) · 6th (2005) · 7th (2009) People Pascal Lamy (Director-General) · Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General) · Deputy Directors-General: Alejandro Jara · Valentine Rugwabiza  · Harsha Singh  · Rufus Yerxa