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The pileus particularly identifies the Dioscuri (here on a colossal statue of late Antiquity in the Campidoglio, Rome). The pileus (Latin, plural, pilei) — also pilleus or pilleum — was a cap worn in Rome and later in Ancient Greece[1] (where it was the pilos or pilidion). It was a brimless, felt cap, somewhat similar to a fez. The pilleolus was a smaller version, similar to a skullcap. The pileus was especially associated with the manumission of slaves who wore it upon their liberation. It became emblematic of liberty and freedom from bondage, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries when it appeared frequently on statuary and heraldic devices and was known as a "liberty cap" or Phrygian cap[citation needed]. Contents 1 History 1.1 Greece 1.2 Rome 1.3 Modern period 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External links // History Greece The pilos (Greek: πῖλος, felt) was a common conical travelling hat in Ancient Greece. The pilos is the brimless version of the petasos. It could be made of felt or leather. Their pilos cap identifies the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, in sculptures, bas-reliefs and vase-paintings; their caps were already explained in Antiquity as the remnants of the egg from which they hatched.[2] The pilos appears on votive figurines of boys at the sanctuary of the kabeiri at Thebes, the Kabeirion.[3] In warfare, the pilos was often worn by the peltast light infantry, in conjunction with the exomis. The pilos cap was sometimes worn under the helmet by hoplites, but usually they preferred to not use a helmet along with the cap before the 5th century for reasons of mobility. The pilos helmet was made in the same shape as the original cap. It probably originated from Lakonia and was made from bronze. The pilos helmet was extensively adopted by the Spartan army in the fifth century BC and worn by them until the end of the Classical era. Rome In Ancient Rome, a slave was freed by a master in a ceremony that included placing the pileus on the former slave’s shaved head. This was a form of extra-legal manumission (the manumissio minus justa) considered less legally sound than manumission in a court of law. One 19th century dictionary of classical antiquity states: Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Leg. 22 p. 625, ed. Wess.; Plaut. Amphit. I.1.306; Persius, V.82). Hence the phrase servos ad pileum vocare is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty (Liv. XXIV.32). The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of Antoninus Pius, struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand.[4] Modern period The University of Sussex specifies a pileus-style cap as its doctoral cap in its academic dress. It has a cylindical shape and is made of black velvet. There is a corded silk button at the centre of the apex: light blue for PhDs, gamboge for higher doctorates. Gallery Odysseus wearing a pilos, an exomis and a chlamys. The doctoral cap of the University of Sussex. See also Phrygian cap Qeleshe References Citations ^ Encyclopedia Britannica ^ John Tzetzes, On Lycophron, noted by Karl Kerenyi's The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:107 note 584. ^ Walter Burkert. Greek Religion, 1985:281. ^ Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875). Sources  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.  Further reading Sekunda, Nicholas and Hook, Adam (2000). Greek Hoplite 480-323 BC. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1855328674 External links Institute of France - Greek Costume (PDF in French) Antiquitas - Casque corinthien et pilos