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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) The title of this article is an Icelandic name; the last name is a family name; but this person is properly referred to by the given name Halldór. Halldór Laxness Born April 23, 1902(1902-04-23) Reykjavík, Iceland Died February 8, 1998(1998-02-08) (aged 95) Reykjavík, Iceland Nationality Icelandic Notable award(s) Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness [ˈhaltour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛs]  ( listen) (born Halldór Guðjónsson) (April 23, 1902—February 8, 1998) was a twentieth-century Icelandic novelist, poet, and essayist; author of Independent People, The Atom Station, and Iceland's Bell. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955. Contents 1 Early life 2 Roman Catholicism and Development 3 Literary career and critical appraisal 4 Later life 5 Works about Laxness 6 Publications 6.1 Novels 6.2 Stories 6.3 Plays 6.4 Poetry 6.5 Travelogues 6.6 Memoirs 7 Popular culture references 8 Family 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links // Early life Laxness was born under the name Halldór Guðjónsson (following the tradition of Icelandic patronymics) in Reykjavik in 1902, the son of Guðjón Helgason and Sigríður Halldórsdóttir. After spending his early years in Reykjavik, he moved with his family in 1905 to Laxnes near Mosfellsbær, a more rural area just north of the capital. He soon started to read books and write stories. At the age of 14 his first article was published in the newspaper Morgunblaðið under the name "H.G." his first book,, the novel "Child of Nature" was written when he was 17. He travelled a lot: living on the europeancontinent after the first world war, and visitng Russia during the Stalinist period, America just befor the depression, and India under Nehru. Roman Catholicism and Development In 1922, Laxness joined the Abbaye St. Maurice et St. Maur in Clervaux, Luxembourg. The monks followed the rules of Saint Benedict of Nursia. Laxness was baptized and confirmed in the Catholic Church early in 1923. Following his confirmation, he adopted the surname Laxness (in honor of the homestead where he had been raised) and added the name Kiljan (an Icelandic spelling of the Irish martyr Saint Killian). Inside the walls of the abbey, he practiced self-study, read books, and studied French, Latin, theology and philosophy. While there, he composed the story Undir Helgahnjúk, published in 1924. Soon after his baptism, he became a member of a group which prayed for reversion of the Nordic countries back to Catholicism. Laxness wrote of his Catholicism in the book Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír, published in 1927. "He has caught the scent, and sipped of, most of the isms, ideas, and ideologies of his time. From the romantic primitvism, in the spirit of Heimatdichtung, of "Child of Nature" his path led by way of the bourgeois psychological novel, with a few touches of surrealism, seen in "The Great Weaver of Kashmir". Then with "Salka Valka" (1931-32) began the great series of sociological novels, often coloured with socialist ideas, continuing almost without a break for nearly twenty years. This was probably the most brilliant period of his career, and it is the one which produced those of his works that have become most famous. But Laxness never attached himself permanently to a particular dogma. From the Cathilic faith he passed to belief in man himself as the supreme gospel, in terms of radical socialism. In recent years his work has often been actuated by a reappraisal of all values, grounded inscepticism towards every kind of doctrine, with a touch of Taoism and Icelandic popular wisdom"[1] Laxness would eventually return to his Roman Catholic roots requesting a Catholic burial.[citation needed] Literary career and critical appraisal Halldór Laxness by Einar Hákonarson, 1984 During his career Laxness wrote poetry, newspaper articles, plays, travelogues, short stories, and fifteen novels. In 1955, Laxness won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland". "His chief literary works belong to the genre . . .[of] narrative prose fiction. In the history of our literature Laxness is mentioned beside Snorri Sturluson and the author of the "Njals saga", and his place in world literature is amongwriters such as Cervantes, Zola, Tolstoy, and Hamsun."[2] Later life Laxness moved to the United States and attempted to make films in the mid-20th century.[citation needed] He returned to Iceland in 1945 and settled in Gljúfrasteinn, Mosfellsdalur, until his death. His house in Gljúfrasteinn is now a museum operated by the Icelandic government. He was married twice, including his second marriage to Auður Sveinsdóttir. He had four children. Laxness died in Iceland in 1998 at the age of 95. Works about Laxness A biography of Laxness by Halldór Guðmundsson won the Icelandic literary prize for best work of non-fiction in 2004. In 2005 the Icelandic National Theatre premiered a play by Ólafur Haukur Símonarson, called Halldór í Hollywood (Halldór in Hollywood) about the years that Laxness spent in the United States. Publications The following is a partial list of publications written by or connected with Laxness: Novels 1919: Barn náttúrunnar 1924: Undir Helgahnúk 1927: Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír (The Great Weaver from Kashmir) Translated by Philip Roughton (Archipelago Books) 2008. 1931: Salka Valka (Part I) - Þú vínviður hreini 1932: Salka Valka (Part II) - Fuglinn í fjörunni 1934: Sjálfstætt fólk (Part I, Independent People) - Landnámsmaður Íslands (Icelandic Pioneers) 1935: Sjálfstætt fólk (Part II) - Erfiðir tímar (Hard Times) 1937: Heimsljós (Part I, World Light) - Ljós heimsins (later named Kraftbirtíngarhljómur guðdómsins) 1938: Heimsljós (Part II) - Höll sumarlandsins 1939: Heimsljós (Part III) - Hús skáldsins 1940: Heimsljós (Part IV) - Fegurð himinsins 1952: Heiman eg fór 1943: Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell, Part I) - Íslandsklukkan 1944: Íslandsklukkan (Part II) - Hið ljósa man 1946: Íslandsklukkan (Part III) - Eldur í Kaupinhafn 1948: Atómstöðin (The Atom Station) 1952: Gerpla (Happy Warriors) 1957: Brekkukotsannáll (The Fish Can Sing) 1960: Paradísarheimt (Paradise Reclaimed) 1968: Kristnihald undir Jökli (Under the Glacier/Christianity at Glacier) 1970: Innansveitarkronika 1972: Guðsgjafaþula Stories 1923: Nokkrar sögur 1933: Fótatak manna 1935: Þórður gamli halti 1942: Sjö töframenn 1954: Þættir (collection) 1964: Sjöstafakverið 1987: Sagan af brauðinu dýra 1992: Jón í Brauðhúsum 1996: Fugl á garðstaurnum og fleiri smásögur 1999: Úngfrúin góða og Húsið 2000: Smásögur 2001: Kórvilla á Vestfjörðum og fleiri sögur Plays 1934: Straumrof 1950: Snæfríður Íslandssól (from the novel Íslandsklukkan) 1954: Silfurtúnglið 1961: Strompleikurinn 1962: Prjónastofan Sólin 1966: Dúfnaveislan 1970: Úa (from the novel Kristnihald undir Jökli) 1972: Norðanstúlkan (from the novel Atómstöðin) Poetry 1930: Kvæðakver 1997: Únglíngurinn í skóginum Travelogues 1933: Í Austurvegi 1938: Gerska æfintýrið Memoirs 1975: Í túninu heima, part I 1976: Úngur eg var, part II 1978: Sjömeistarasagan, part III 1980: Grikklandsárið, part IV 1987: Dagar hjá múnkum Popular culture references The Icelandic rock band Mínus released their third album in 2003, entitled Halldór Laxness. Family His daughter Guðný Halldórsdóttir is an award-winning filmmaker. Her first work, a popular magical realism-ending film adaptation of Kristnihald undir jōkli (Christianity at Glacier) screened at world film festivals and repertory cinemas for many years since, including in the European cites, the USA and in Canada (at least Toronto and Montreal). His grandson is known in Iceland as Dóri DNA[3]. References ^ Sveinn Hoskuldsson, "Scandinavica", 1972 supplement, p1-2. ^ Sveinn Hoskuldsson, "Scandinavica", 1972 supplement, p1. ^ Profile in NNDB, access date: 2008-08-24. Further reading Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Halldór Laxness In Icelandic: Hallberg, Peter. 1970. Hús skáldsins: um skáldverk Halldórs Laxness frá Sölku Völku til Gerplu. Reykjavík. Mál og menning. Hallberg, Peter. 1975. Halldór Laxness. Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag, Reykjavík. Halldór Guðmundsson. 2004. Halldór Laxness. JPV, Reykjavík [1]. Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson. 2003. Halldór. Vol. I of Laxness’ biography. Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík. Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson. 2004. Kiljan. Vol. II of Laxness’ biography. Bókafélagið, Reykjavík. Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson. 2005. Laxness. Vol. III of Laxness’ biography. Bókafélagið, Reykjavík. Íslenska alfræðiorðabókin H-O. 1990. Editors: Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir and Sigríður Harðardóttir. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík. Ólafur Ragnarsson and Valgerður Benediktsdóttir. 1992. Lífsmyndir skálds : æviferill Halldórs Laxness í myndum og máli. Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík. Ólafur Ragnarsson. 2002. Halldór Laxness : líf í skáldskap. Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík. Ólafur Ragnarsson. 2007. Til fundar við skáldið Halldór Laxness. Veröld, Reykjavík. In English: Hallberg, Peter. 1971. Halldór Laxness. Twayne Publishers, New York. Halldór Guðmundsson, translated by Philip Roughton. 2008. The Islander: a Biography of Halldór Laxness. McLehose Press/Quercus. External links Bibliography Halldór Laxness - Gljúfrasteinn The Halldór Laxness Museum website Kennsluefni um nokkrar bækur Halldórs Laxness Kennsluvefir Hörpu Hreinsdóttur In English: Biography from the Nobel Prize website Life and work Coffee with Halldór Recounting a talk with the writer. Halldór Kiljan Laxness http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1955/ v • d • e Nobel Laureates in Literature Pär Lagerkvist (1951) · François Mauriac (1952) · Winston Churchill (1953) · Ernest Hemingway (1954) · Halldór Laxness (1955) · Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) · Albert Camus (1957) · Boris Pasternak (1958) · Salvatore Quasimodo (1959) · Saint-John Perse (1960) · Ivo Andrić (1961) · John Steinbeck (1962) · Giorgos Seferis (1963) · Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) (1964) · Mikhail Sholokhov (1965) · Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs (1966) · Miguel Ángel Asturias (1967) · Yasunari Kawabata (1968) · Samuel Beckett (1969) · Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1970) · Pablo Neruda (1971) · Heinrich Böll (1972) · Patrick White (1973) · Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson (1974) · Eugenio Montale (1975) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present Persondata Name Haldor Laxness Alternative names Short description Date of birth April 23, 1902 Place of birth Reykjavík, Iceland Date of death February 8, 1998 Place of death Reykjavík, Iceland