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Albert Zafy (born 1 May 1927[1][2]) is a Malagasy politician. He was the President of Madagascar from 27 March 1993[3] to 5 September 1996.[4] Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Opposition leader in the early 1990s 3 Election as President and 1993–1996 presidential term 4 1996 election and opposition to Ratsiraka 5 Opposition leader under Ravalomanana 6 Role in 2009–2010 political events 7 References // Early life and career Zafy was born in Ambilobe, Diana Region. He studied at the University of Montpellier in France. After his return to Madagascar he became Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs under Gabriel Ramanantsoa. After Didier Ratsiraka took power in 1975, Zafy resigned from the government and joined the University of Madagascar.[5] Opposition leader in the early 1990s In 1988 he founded the National Union for Democracy and Development (UNDD). At a national conference of the opposition in 1990, Zafy was elected as President of the Committee of Active Forces (CFV), a cooperation group of several opposition parties, including Zafy's UNDD. On July 16, 1991, the CFV declared the creation of an alternative government, with Zafy as its Prime Minister.[5] Zafy was detained for a week in late July 1991 and was met with a crowd of about 100,000 supporters upon his release.[6] He was subsequently wounded during a protest.[5] The opposition was ultimately successful in forcing Ratsiraka to agree to the Panorama Convention, which established a transitional government and stripped Ratsiraka of most of his powers, on October 31, 1991.[3] Zafy became head of the High Authority of the State,[7] which, along with the Social and Economic Recovery Council, replaced the Supreme Revolutionary Council and the National Assembly during the 1991–1993 transitional period.[8][9] Election as President and 1993–1996 presidential term In the multiparty presidential election held in November 1992, Zafy placed first in the first round with about 45% of the vote; Ratsiraka placed second with about 29%.[10] In the second round, held on February 10, 1993, Zafy won the presidency with 66.74% of the vote; he took office in late March. In June 1993, Zafy's supporters won a majority in parliamentary elections. In office, Zafy's rivalry with Prime Minister Francisque Ravony led him to seek increased powers, and in September 1995 a successful referendum was held that substantially increased the powers of the president. This gave him authority over the selection of the prime minister, a decision that was previously in the hands of the National Assembly; following the referendum, the National Assembly was required to send three names of candidates to the president, from which he could choose. The president also gained the ability to dismiss the prime minister without requiring new elections.[3][10] Ravony resigned in October 1995, and Zafy appointed Emmanuel Rakotovahiny, who was the head of the UNDD and had been Minister of State for Rural Development and Land Reform, in his place.[11][12] Zafy's time in office was widely seen as being marked by economic decline, which negatively impacted his popularity, and amid accusations of corruption and abuse of power,[3] he was impeached by the National Assembly on July 26, 1996. The impeachment was backed by more than the necessary two-thirds of deputies; out of 134 deputies present, 99 voted in favor of the motion, 32 against it, and there were three null votes. On September 4, the High Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment.[13] On September 5, Zafy announced that he would leave office on October 10, and he described his impeachment as a "constitutional coup d'état" that occurred a result of his criticism of the National Assembly. Although he could not delay his departure from office, he was able to stand as a candidate in the late 1996 presidential election called as a result of his impeachment.[14] 1996 election and opposition to Ratsiraka In his 1996 campaign, Zafy blamed the problems faced by Madagascar during his presidency on his opponents and the International Monetary Fund, and he downplayed the charges against him that had led to his impeachment. Although he had lost much of his support,[14] in the first round of the election, held on November 3,[10][14] he was able to take second place with 23.39% of the vote, behind Ratsiraka's 36.61%.[10] Zafy received some support in the second round from those who, despite their criticisms of Zafy, felt he was preferable to Ratsiraka, such as Interim President Norbert Ratsirahonana, who had unsuccessfully stood as a candidate in the first round.[14] In the second round, held on December 29, Zafy narrowly lost to Ratsiraka, taking 49.29% of the vote[10] and losing by about 45,000 votes. He later alleged that the High Constitutional Court had switched the numbers for himself and Ratsiraka and said that he had not spoken of that at the time for the sake of peace.[14] Zafy led an attempt to impeach Ratsiraka in early 1998, accusing him of various charges, including perjury and nepotism; he also accused Ratsiraka of violating the constitution in his moves toward decentralization and the strengthening of the presidency at the expense of the National Assembly's power. The impeachment motion failed in the National Assembly on February 4, 1998 when only 60 deputies voted in favor of it, well short of the necessary 92. Zafy subsequently won a seat in the May 1998 parliamentary election, becoming the oldest deputy in the National Assembly.[14] He also unsuccessfully sought the secession of Antsiranana Province from Madagascar at around the same time.[14][15] On August 31, 2001, Zafy announced that he would again run in the December 2001 presidential election.[16] On that occasion, he placed a distant third with about 5% of the vote.[10] Opposition candidate Marc Ravalomanana prevailed in an extended dispute with Ratsiraka over the election results, and Ratsiraka fled into exile.[3] Opposition leader under Ravalomanana Zafy became the leader of the National Reconciliation Committee (CRN), which was founded in June 2002 to promote national reconciliation among the leading participants in the political crisis that followed the 2001 election.[17] During Ravalomanana's presidency, Zafy and the CRN were viewed as part of the radical opposition in Madagascar. Zafy strongly criticized Ravalomanana and called for a new constitution.[3] A grenade exploded outside Zafy's home early on July 8, 2004, causing some damage but no injuries.[18] This occurred in the midst of a series of grenade attacks across the country.[18][19] On December 8, 2006, Zafy's property was raided by police as part of the government's investigation regarding General Fidy, who allegedly attempted a coup in November, and presidential candidate Pety Rakotoniaina, both of whom the police sought to locate and arrest. Reacting to the raid, Zafy said that he did not recognize Ravalomanana as president and had never recognized him as such.[20] Zafy travelled to Paris in June 2007, where he met with Ratsiraka and members of his former government who were also in exile. He met with Ratsiraka on June 8, with AREMA leader Pierrot Rajaonarivelo on June 9, and with Tantely Andrianarivo, who served as Prime Minister under Ratsiraka, on June 11.[21] He met with Ratsiraka and Andrianarivo again on June 25.[22] Role in 2009–2010 political events President Ravalomanana was forced out of office through popular protests and military intervention in March 2009; opposition leader Andry Rajoelina assumed the presidency with support from the military. Rajoelina included Zafy's adviser Betiana Bruno as one of 44 members of the High Transitional Authority, which he appointed on March 31, 2009. Zafy expressed his objections to the transitional government at a press conference on April 1, complaining that Rajoelina would not take his advice; he also said that he would seek provincial autonomy. Bruno was nevertheless present at the national conference which began on April 2 and was promoted by Rajoelina's government.[23] On August 4, 2009, as part of negotiations for a solution to the political crisis, Zafy met with Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, and Ratsiraka, along with former Mozambican President Joaquim Chissano, who acted as mediator at the four day long mediation crisis talks held in Maputo.[24][25][26][27][28][29] An extended process of negotiations between the four leaders resulted in a power-sharing agreement, but by December 2009 that agreement had effectively collapsed. Rajoelina's government initially barred Zafy and others from returning to Madagascar after the talks, but later he was allowed to return. In the wake of the power-sharing agreement's collapse, Zafy declared on December 18, 2009, that the opposition would form its own government of national unity. He denounced Rajoelina, saying that Rajoelina had "reneged on his signature" and that the opposition could "no longer trust him to run the country". He also called on the army to refrain from involvement in the political situation.[30] References ^ Patrick Rajoelina, Madagascar, le duel (2003), page 206 (French). ^ Transition démocratique à Madagascar (1994), page 54 (French). ^ a b c d e f Richard R. Marcus, "Political change in Madagascar: populist democracy or neopatrimonialism by another name?", Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 89, August 2004. ^ Guy Arnold, Madagascar: Year in Review 1996, Britannica.com. ^ a b c Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (1999), ed. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., page 2039. ^ "Madagascar Offers Coalition", The New York Times, July 31, 1991, section A, page 3. ^ "Madagascar's Leader Agrees To Work for New Elections", The New York Times, November 3, 1991. ^ "Nov 1991 - New government", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 37, November, 1991 Madagascar, Page 38565. ^ World Factbook on Madagascar, 1993. ^ a b c d e f Elections in Madagascar, African Elections Database. ^ "Oct 1995 - Resignation of Prime Minister", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, October, 1995 Madagascar, Page 40764. ^ Guy Arnold, Madagascar: Year in Review 1995, Britannica.com. ^ "Empêchement du Président de la République", Décision n°17-HCC/D3(Empêchement), High Constitutional Court website (French). ^ a b c d e f g Philip M. Allen, "Madagascar: Impeachment as Parliamentary Coup d'Etat", in Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective (2003), ed. Jody C. Baumgartner, Naoko Kada, page 90. ^ "Ex-President Zafy reportedly seeking secession of northern province", Malagasy National Radio (nl.newsbank.com), November 12, 1997. ^ "Madagascar: Former president says he will stand in next elections", AFP (nl.newsbank.com), September 1, 2001. ^ "Madagascan opposition parties talk business", AFP (IOL), June 1, 2005. ^ a b "MADAGASCAR: Grenade explodes outside ex-president's home", IRIN, July 9, 2004. ^ "MADAGASCAR: Security beefed up after grenade attacks", IRIN, July 12, 2004. ^ "Madagascar's president wins election", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), December 9, 2006. ^ "Zafy Albert en France; Tête à tête avec Didier Ratsiraka", Madagascar Tribune, June 12, 2007 (French). ^ "Rencontre Ratsiraka-Zafy-Tantely", Madagascar Tribune, June 27, 2007 (French). ^ "National conference opens to seek solution to crisis in Madagascar", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), April 3, 2009. ^ "Madagascar crisis talks to break deadlock", Independent Online, August 6, 2009, http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20090806114445868C933057  ^ Lesieur, Alexandra (August 7, 2009), "No deal on ousted Madagascar leader's return home: Rajoelina", AFP (Google news), http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gGnvg4m7rDuZHFTHAsgAsfpcZ4fA  ^ "Crisis talks resume between feuding leaders", AFP (France 24), August 6, 2009, http://www.france24.com/en/20090806-crisis-talks-resume-between-feuding-leaders-rajoelina-ravalomanana-madagascar  ^ "Madagascar Crisis Talks Focus on Amnesty", VOA News, August 7, 2009, http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-08-07-voa20.cfm?rss=africa  ^ "Icy atmosphere permeates Madagascar meeting", Independent Online, August 06 2009 a, http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20090805230200748C160208  ^ "Rencontre entre Andry Rajoelina et Marc Ravalomanana au Mozambique", Témoignages, August 6, 2009, http://www.temoignages.re/rencontre-entre-andry-rajoelina-et,38121.html  ^ Richard Lough, "Madagascar opposition to form unity govt", Reuters (IOL), 18 December 2009. v • d • e Presidents of Madagascar Tsiranana | Ramanantsoa | Ratsimandrava | Andriamahazo | Ratsiraka | Zafy | Ratsirahonana (interim) | Ratsiraka | Ravalomanana | Rajoelina Persondata Name Zafy, Albert Alternative names Short description Date of birth Place of birth Date of death Place of death